Insights from Operando and Identical Location (IL) Techniques on the Activation of Electrocatalysts for the Conversion of CO₂: A Mini-Review

Abstract

In this mini-review we compare two prototypical metal foam electrocatalysts applied to the transformation of CO₂ into value-added products (e.g. alcohols on Cu foams, formate on Bi foams). A substantial improvement in the catalyst performance is typically achieved through thermal annealing in air of the as-deposited foam materials, followed by the electro-reduction of the pre-formed oxidic precursors prior or during the actual CO₂ electrolysis. Utilizing highly insightful and sensitive complementary operando analytical techniques (XAS, XRD, and Raman spectroscopy) we demonstrate that this catalyst pre-activation process is entirely accomplished in case of the oxidized Cu foams prior to the formation of hydrocarbons and alcohols from the CO₂. The actually active catalyst is therefore the metallic Cu derived from the precursor by means of its oxide electroreduction. Conversely, in their oxidic form, the Cu-based foam catalysts are completely inactive towards the CO₂ reduction reaction (denoted ec-CO₂RR). Oxidized Bi foams can be regarded as an excellent counter example to the above-mentioned Cu case as both metallic and the thermally derived oxidic Bi foams are highly active towards ec-CO₂RR (formate production). Indeed, operando Raman spectroscopy reveals that CO₂ electrolysis occurs upon its embedment into the oxidic Bi₂O₃ foam precursor, which itself undergoes partial transformation into an active sub-carbonate phase. The potential-dependent transition of sub-carbonate/oxides into the corresponding metallic Bi foam dictates the characteristic changes of the ec-CO₂RR pathway. Identical location (IL) microscopic inspection of the catalyst materials, e.g. by means of scanning electron microscopy, demonstrates substantial morphological alterations on the nm length scale on the material surface as consequence of the sub-carbonate formation and the potential-driven oxide reduction into the metallic Bi foam. The foam morphology on a mesoscopic length scale (macroporosity) remains, by contrast, fully unaffected by these phase transitions.