Chemical Effects on Photo-electron Spectra—Hopes, Deceptions and Surprises 1971-74

Abstract

The chemical shift on the ionization energy I of inner shells depends to a great extent on interatomic relaxation (in particular in metallic samples and in salts of Pearson-soft anions) and not only on fractional atomic charges and the Madelung potential. The limited, rather specific use for semi-quantitative analysis and the consequences of the Copenhagen principle of final states are discussed, with emphasis on thulium and its compounds.